Should The Minimum Wage Be Increased - 1169 Words

There exists a schism in contemporary dialogue on a large scale over the State of Michigan’s plans to increase the minimum wage from seven dollars and fifty cents to ten dollars. Although increasing the minimum wage may seem beneficial to some, possibly stimulating the economy or increasing the standard of living for those who live below the poverty line, when looking at the economic issue through a larger lens and placing it into its context, one finds that by increasing the minimum wage, not only is the State of Michigan not addressing the most critical sector of his citizens, thereby not creating the most viable or efficient of solutions, but that this solution is likely to not even be beneficial but rather detrimental to the American economy. Our economy, already fragile, could be sent back into a recession because of policies like these. This essay will attempt to summarize and analyze the problems with raising the minimum wage both on an individual level (for each busine ss, each individual, etc†¦) and also on an institutional level (how it will damage our economy). While in theory, it may seem like increasing the minimum wage to 10$ will raise the standard of living by providing households with more money; in reality, this plan will backfire. According to www.forbes.com, about 60% of those below the poverty line are unemployed. We see from this that the majority of those who are living below the poverty line do not have jobs; increasing the minimum wage will not helpShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Should Be Increased1057 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Nevins Meredith Sides English 101 16 November 2015 Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higherRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Increased?1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficult if you are living on minimum wage. Of course it’s more difficult for some people than others depending on their situation and their living conditions. Americans and working class people who do come to America for a â€Å" better opportunity† and for the famous American dream struggle. Minimum wage should be increased because of the overqualified, educated, and experienced Americans who are relying on minimum wage jobs as a result of the struggling economy. Raising minimum wage will hel p employees sustainRead MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Increased?1691 Words   |  7 PagesShould Minimum Wage be Increased? Introduction The term, â€Å"minimum wage† refers to a lowest payment that an employer is bound to pay to its workers. Today minimum wage is made compulsory in more than ninety percent of nations including Canada where workers are demanding to increase minimum wages for a long time. Minimum wages are revised by governments in order to met growing needs of workers. There is a difference of opinion on the issue of increasing minimum wages among people of Canada. EmployersRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Minimum Wage Should be increased to a Living Wage. Back in 1998 Labour s’ Tony Blair introduced the national minimum wage (NMW). It was created in aid of employers not valuing their workforce, often giving them very little wages. When it was first introduced the rate was set at  £3.60 and has slowly risen to  £6.70. However this is not enough to live on. It has been estimated that you need no less than  £7.85 an hour, rising to  £9.15 in London, to survive on. There is a clear differenceRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Be Increased976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe federal minimum wage. The post may have a picture of a soldier, a disheveled EMT in the back of an ambulance, or a waving American flag with overlying text stating something to the effect of ‘â€Å"Burger flippers† think they should be paid as much as these minimum wages workers? No way!’ If my experience on social media is any indicator, the most popular posts always contain â€Å"burger flipper† or â€Å"baconator.† Posts like the ones described above make moral judgements about the minimum wage with littleRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Not Be Increased1669 Words   |  7 PagesFederal minimum wage is a huge controversy around the world and especially in the United States today. It is the lowest wage that employers can legally pay their employees. The world’s first minimum wage law was passed in the year eighteen ninety-four in New Zealand. New Zealand’s minimum wage experiment caught the attention of other countries. It made them start considering the law for their own countries. The United States passed their federal minimum wage law in nineteen thirty-eight. The federalRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pagesincrease the minimum wage in California from ten to fifteen dollars by the year 2022. The minimum wage will be increased by one dollar each year until 2022. This will give businesses enough time to meet state requirements to raise wages for em ployees. The bill was created to help people who are making less than minimum wage but it will disable California’s economy system and cause negative effects for people who are living on the current minimum wage system. The rise of the minimum wage will causeRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1048 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher income level reduces employee turnover and increases efficiency and ultimately, raising the minimum wage doesRead MoreFederal Minimum Wage Should Be Increased911 Words   |  4 PagesThe question that ponders many people’s minds is whether the fe deral minimum wage should be increased or not. The current U.S. minimum wage is $7.50 and this wage has not increased since 2009. Families with minimum income wages are suffering due to the fact that they cannot provide everyday needs for their families. This is the reason why many people are rioting. They are frustrated with the government’s nonchalant attitude towards the hard situations in which they are living in. A final decisionRead MoreFederal Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1180 Words   |  5 Pagesto come to conclusions that the federal minimum wage is excessively low. The government can stand to help people gain more money, resulting in a less poverty-stricken country. The cost of living or gaining has increased significantly over the past twenty years, and the minimum wage, for most isn t enough for them to support themselves. There have been efforts to increase the federal minimum wage, but none has succeeded in getting approved. Minimum wages are to o low for a human, to provide for

Parents and Physical Punishment - 1052 Words

As children grow up, they’re more than likely exposed to being disciplined in one way or another. â€Å"Surveys of parents show that 90 percent have used some form of physical punishment on their children† (Graziano 1). So therefore, we can all agree that when it comes down to being punished, parents more often than not resort to spanking their child(ren). That being said, many parents will readily agree that spanking a child should not be considered a form of child abuse. However, the question still stands: how far does the spanking have to go in order for it to be considered child abuse? Although some are convinced that there are better ways to discipline a child, there are others that maintain the idea that spanking is the best option†¦show more content†¦Parents are the ones that are to love and care for children throughout their lives. Graziano states that all parents use physical punishment as a way to discipline at some point in their lives (2). H owever, what is not always certain is whether or not the spanking is legitimately deserved. Children need their parents, not just for love and care, but for reliance for anything. Why would any child want to rely on and be okay with going to their parents if they are constantly getting hit or spanked? Those parents aren’t showing love to their children if that is the case. Some say that â€Å"parents are not stupid, they know the difference between beating and spanking† (Saunders 1). But, what some people might not know is that â€Å"the main problem with discipline, or corporal punishment, is that it can lead to child abuse, critics say† (Henderson 141). Parents might get use to always turning to physical discipline on their children after a certain length of time and children might start getting use to it too. In this case, adults are going to think what they can use to make the children understand and feel the pain when they misbehave and this can lead to the use of objects such as belts, wooden spoons, paddles, etc. Corporal punishment tends to escalate as it is used. In other words, it becomes more and more harsh as it eventually gets out of control overall. Alvy sums it up in saying that corporal punishment is often the beginning of what is considered asShow MoreRelatedThe Case Against Spanking By Brendan L. Smith910 Words   |  4 PagesSpanking by Brendan L. Smith, researchers has described that physical abuse and spanking can lead to some serious effects in children. Physical punishment can lead to aggression, antisocial behavior, and other negative effects physically and emotionally. The research and studies have found evidence of abuse to children in short-terms and long-terms. The physical discipline has been viewed as a violation of Children’s Human Rights. Physical punishment of children became a taboo in 30 countries this legalRead MoreAvoiding Physical Punishment In Child Rearing Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesAvoiding Physical Punishment In Child Rearing Is sparing the rod spoiling or saving the child? Is violence, resentment, anger or fear worth the risk taken when striking him or her. Whether your for or against using physical punishment in child development, as a parent, you will someday have to face this issue. Many parents are taught this method in their childhood, and are not aware of any other way. Often originating from religion, physical or corporal punishment is seen as an importantRead MoreChild Discipline Expository Writing1576 Words   |  7 PagesA Fine Line between Child Abuse and Discipline Child abuse is the physical injury of a child inflicted by a parent which ranges from superficial bruises, broken bones, burns, serious internal injuries and in some cases, death (Prevent Child Abuse America). Child abuse is a topic that causes rage in many discussions throughout the country because it is outrageous actions against innocent children. Many parents question whether discipline can become child abuse. Bell Hooks is an educated woman, feministRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagescorporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio-economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishment has beenRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Usage986 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The topic of whether or not parents and teachers should use corporal punishment in the name of discipline had caught my eye for several reasons. One of the most important reasons is that I was beaten by a wooden paddle while I was growing up. I was about 12 years of age when my teacher beats all of my classmates including me just because one of us was misbehaving. That was in Baghdad, Iraq, where teachers and parents are allowed to use corporal punishment freely without any fear. Another reasonRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On The Parent Child Relationship1634 Words   |  7 PagesTHE INFLUENCE OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT ON THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP. There are many different ways of disciplining a child. Corporal punishment is one of the main ones. The term corporal punishment means the intentional infliction of pain on the body for purposes of punishment and includes slapping, hitting with objects, pinching, shaking and forcing to stand for long periods of time. Family researchers define corporal punishment as the use of physical force aimed at causing childrenRead MoreEvaluation of the Statement that Hitting Children is Wrong Essays1479 Words   |  6 Pages(or otherwise) to bring in legislation to ban the physical punishment of children. The current law in place in the UK, with respect to smacking children, is known as the law of reasonable chastisement. This law permits, the use by parents of reasonable chastisement when disciplining their children. That is, a parent is permitted to hit a child as a way of enforcing discipline providing the physical punishment is within moderate to reasonable limits. ThereRead MorePersuasive Speech: Corporal Punishment1625 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Should Corporal Punishment be used by parents on young children? General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: I want to persuade my audience that corporal punishment should not be a way of punishment and to use other effective punishments. Thesis Statement: Corporal punishment tends to perpetuate a cycle of child abuse. Introduction I.Attention Grabber: â€Å"Corporal punishment is the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience painRead More Disciplinary Spanking Is Not Child Abuse Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesharm including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Physical abuse is any non-accidental physical injury to a child. Physical abuse is an injury that results from physical aggression. Types of physical abuse can consist of beating, whipping, hitting, pinching, biting, or spanking. Spanking is the most used, traditional form of physical punishment, consisting in a beating applied on the buttocks. It involves striking the buttocks repeatedly, usually as a physical punishment, with an open

Exclusive Analysis Of Corporate Universities Method of Developing

Question: Discuss about the Exclusive Analysis Of Corporate Universities. Answer: Currently, many organizations are on the run to promoting appropriate practices that ensure their survival within the competitive market fields. So as to gain the higher shares within the market space, a company must ensure it is updated regarding the latest policy or even strategies, technological trends and also ensure that it produces quality services and products. Training of the Human resource is one way to ensure relevance within the market spheres. Since the humans are a very integral part of any organization, training promotes better capacity, higher quality and advanced performance within an organization. Moreover, training is used as a means of knowledge acquisition of skills, knowledge, and abilities as a result of a perceived deficiency in the worker's performance that needs to be improved and addressed, (Armstrong, M., and Taylor, S., 2014). The main reason for such a program within the functioning of any company or organization is that it ensures the company is at its p rofitability form since the customers and the company's investors are satisfied with the quality of their products and services. Therefore, adequate training seems not only a waste of the company's resources in terms of time and resources but as survival technique within the overgrowing competition, (Sung, S. and Choi, J., 2014, p 393-412). It is for such reasons that the multinational companies such as the Toyota Company, the Boeing Company, and the McDonald's company, the Motorola Company, the Apple Company and the Disney Company amongst other companies are adopting the use of the corporate universities. Technically, the corporate universities are simply educational entities that are tools for helping the organizations they serve. The universities serve to ensure the goals of a company are achieved by simply providing a high-level training to the company's employees and developing their abilities within the company, (Anderson, V., et al., 2014). In as much as there are many other ways, a company can use to reach its goals the use of corporate universities is one of those ways only that it is the only way that ensures the company achieves its goals by simply training people. Therefore, the paper is a discussion as to why it is critical to use the Corporate Universities as a way of improving the company. Additionally, t he paper will look at the reasons as to why if the idea of training is not properly done then can act as a setback in the organizational success, (Fee, M., 2014). Lastly, the paper also lists examples of the companies that have adopted the idea and how it operates within the organizations. Just a general question to ask now that the paper has given a rough sketch on the definition of the corporate universities, what makes companies using the corporate universities have the upper hand regarding competitive advantage than other firms that do not buy the idea The corporate universities promote the awareness of the employees to their affiliate organizations, (Sung, S. and Choi, J., 2014, p 393-412). It simply lies in the fact that the programs that are provided by the corporate universities are clearly aimed towards achieving the company's main goals, missions not forgetting policies. As the traditional universities simply teach on a general culture about the general business environment and the problems it encounters, the corporate universities teach on such challenges that affect the affiliate institution and provide solutions that are suited to enhancing the institution's operations and main objectives therefore, making the workers more aware of the activities that are surrounding their workplace. Training provides suitable solutions regarding the challenges that they face during working hours. In one way or another, the universities, therefore, play a vital role in ensuring profitability by promoting awareness of the employees. Additionally, Corporate Universities ensures the profitability of the company, (Knowles, M., et al., 2014). The learning investments are connected as a tool that enhances an absolute and a deep orientation to the objectives of the company. Therefore, not seen as a waste of resources by the company's management but translates the whole idea into cost-saving. Moreover, the corporate university can help in adding income to the company when its administration decides to offer classes to the outsiders in return for some money in the form of fees. Such money can be used as capital to the company. When the employees of the company are well trained, the company is the advantage of acquiring more quality products and services that in most cases attract more investments and customers. Such investments that are attracted by the quality of products and services are critical to ensuring that the company is enjoying as much profit as possible same applies to the capital the university can solicit for the company in the form of fees. Hence, the reason as to why many companies are adopting such universities to nurture their workforce skills and also help to profits for the company. Corporate universities promote quality in production. Another factor that makes the corporate university as not like the ordinary traditional universities is that they act as an infrastructure as to where we find information and knowledge, (Dhar, R., 2015, p 419-430). The corporate universities are very important in the creation of skills and knowledge that are very relevant to the company's area of operation. As such, they are very useful in the creation of knowledge that is vital to ensuring that the company produces more quality goods and services to its customers. Unlike the traditional universities which simply provide general knowledge regarding a particular field. For instance in the corporate university gives the employees a touch of the possible production, (Storey, J., 2014). It does not give a theoretical analysis but an actual concept through which products quality can be improved. Hence the reason as to why companies are trying to incorporate the idea so as produce more quality product which in turn will promote the profitability of the company. Similarly, the corporate universities promote management efficiency. Management issues have been a key element to ensuring the success of any company as such it should be very efficient, (Stone, R., 2013). The corporate university promotes such efficiency by simply teaching the top management on the steps they can take in case of any challenge. Moreover, the corporate universities also help in teaching the junior and senior workers on their roles within the company. Therefore, ensuring that everybody is very acquitted with relevant skills and the ethics behind each role one is assigned to do, (Dale, B., 2015). As such gives the management an easier time regarding making decisions regarding the functions of a department. It can also easily enable the management in the follow-up of the employees since everybody knows the task is supposed to undertake. As such the universities enable proper governance and smooth running of the company since there will be no conflicts on work allocation hence ease the burden to the management and also foster quality in production. Hence the reason as to why the corporate universities are very instrumental in the operations of a company. Moreover, the corporate universities promote the cultures of an organization. Since the universities focus its scope in the operations of the company, it helps in the retaining of the company's cultures, (Delahaye, B., 2015). Such cultures are very important since they play a vital role in the unity of the employees within a workplace. As such, the corporate universities help in nurturing the new recruits to such cultures as such the cultures are maintained within an organization. Such cultures are a motivating feature to the employees since they give the employees that sense of belonging to an organization therefore making it difficult for the company to lose its skilled employees, (Alfes, K., et al., 2013, p 330-351). Therefore making the corporate universities very important to the company that ensures its proper implementation. However, if the implementation of the university in regards to the organizational operations is not considered, the universities can be very detrimental in the performance of a firm. The corporate university can be very expensive to incorporate into a company. For a corporate university to be implemented within a firm, a lot of expenses have to be catered for from the establishment to staffing and the day to day expenses, (Sung, S. and Choi, J., 2014, p 393-412). For instance, courses have to be prepared, skilled and able personnel have to be employed, and locations have to be set up. Moreover, the aspect of training is also time-consuming since the training cannot be conducted in just one day. Another key thing to consider is the aspect of management and running of the universities which pose a potential problem. For instance, to find a person who is in charge of the programs, graduations and the credits that are related to the company's main goal is tough. As a result, the company can incur a lot of unworthy expenses with an aim to finding an efficient management, (Alagaraja, M. and Li, J., 2015, p 4-23). Therefore, the nature of the training should be properly considered about the expected returns after the training. Since a company is to run on profits but not on deficits and losses that can be as a result of improper implementation of the training programs. Practical examples of existing corporate universities. The corporate universities are used in the training of the employees of many companies globally. Below is a discussion of some of the universities which are used in such training. The university was established in 1999. The university had Paul Willamsen as the manager for the curriculum development who was experienced in the automotive sector before joining Toyota. The university offers over 400 courses to around 8500 employees of Toyota within the United States, (James, R., and Jones, R., 2014, p 2174-2191). The programs are primary web at times seminars based since there is need to cut the cost of acquiring a location. However, the programs are not fixed since employees join the courses about their own time and needs. The courses are automotive-tech based insights which give a deep understanding of vehicles. But learning at Toyota goes beyond technical knowledge courses also provide information about the lean manufacturing that has been the reason for Toyota's success. In seminars, the lean approach is explained with plants simulators so that new employees can get familiar with this philosophy. In 2008, the Apple Company hired Joel Podolny who was useful in the founding of the Apple University. The project by the company, Apple, was aimed at promoting profitability, (Heracleous, L., 2013, p 92-99). The objectives of the university were to carry on the philosophy of its founder, Steve Jobs. It is of such a trait that distinguished Apple from most of its competitors. Podolny worked hard since he had understood what was expected of him. He crafted a curriculum of programs to be practiced, taught by top executives, amid which a required course and exciting are called "What makes Apple Apple." It is such training that has been attributed to their recent success, (Chikhale, M., and Mansouri, M., 2015, p 283-293). The Disney University (DU), is located in North Centre Drive, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The DU is an international training program focused on providing a chance to learn more insights about Disney heritage, tradition, a personal and professional development which are unique in the entertainment sector not for kids only. The university has professionals who are mandated to developing such skills that are required in the company. The program promotes skills that are efficient and accommodates the diverse and expanding audience. The company has introduced new technologies in the recent years such as the eLearning and the virtual classrooms amongst others, (Hale, K., and Stanney, K., 2016). Such technology is as important since it is aim is to implement the idea of the classical class sections and also save on cost that might be incurred in terms of time. In conclusion, the use of the corporate university is a smart option so as to ensuring training of employees within a company. As such, companies should promote training of their workforce so as to make sure that; their cultures are preserved, they maintain profitability, and they produce quality products to their clients. It is such importance amongst others discussed in the paper that a company should ensure proper implementation of such training opportunities to their employees. Without proper implementation, the training is hazardous to the company as well as the paper has shown above. It is such training that the company can enjoy its profits and also remain relevant in the competitive market. References. Alagaraja, M., and Li, J., 2015. Utilizing institutional perspectives to investigate the emergence, rise, and (relative) decline of corporate universities. Human Resource Development International, 18(1), pp.4-23. Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C., and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behavior: a moderated mediation model. The international journal of human resource management, 24(2), pp.330-351. Anderson, V., Garavan, T. and Sadler-Smith, E., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, sustainability, ethics and international human resource development. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's Handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Chikhale, M.M., and Mansouri, M., 2015. An Agile and Collaborative Framework for Effective Governance to Enhance Management in Large-Scale Enterprise Business Systems: The Case of Apple Inc. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 16(3), pp.283-293. Dale, B., 2015. Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Delahaye, B., 2015. Human resource development. Tilde Publishing. Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, pp.419-430. Fee, M.C., 2014. Human resources management. Hale, K.S., and Stanney, K.M. eds., 2016. Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering: Proceedings of the AHFE 2016 International Conference on Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering, July 27-31, 2016, Walt Disney World, Florida, USA (Vol. 488). Springer. Heracleous, L., 2013. Quantum strategy at Apple Inc. Organizational Dynamics, 42(2), pp.92-99. James, R. and Jones, R., 2014. Transferring the Toyota lean cultural paradigm into India: implications for human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(15), pp.2174-2191. Knowles, M.S., Holton III, E.F. and Swanson, R.A., 2014. The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge. Stone, R.J., 2013. Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Storey, J., 2014. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations. Journal of organizational behavior, 35(3), pp.393-412.

Voyage to the Lungs and Out the Nose free essay sample

Today we are going to be entering the right femoral vein of a healthy female. I am your pilot Kierra Lewis. While we embark on this journey, make sure that you keep your hands and feet inside the submarine at all times. Fasten your seat belts and let’s start our journey! We will begin our journey in the femoral vein. As you can see the femoral vein is a blood vessel that is responsible for carrying blood from the leg back to the heart via the iliac veins. This is the largest vein in the groin area. Any blockages in this vein can lead to serious medical problems. Oh no! Passengers we have just gotten word that there is a bacterium that is invading the lower lobe of the right lung! So, we will be travelling there via the pulmonary artery. We will get to see what actually happens when a bacterium invades the body and the defense mechanisms that our bodies take to get rid of those invading bacteria. We will write a custom essay sample on Voyage to the Lungs and Out the Nose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now we will be leaving the femoral vein and entering the inferior vena cava. As you all can see the inferior vena cava is a large vein that goes through the abdomen. It collects blood from the lumbar veins, hepatic veins, gonadal veins, renal veins, and the phrenic veins. We are now reaching the end of the inferior vena cava and we will now be entering the right atrium that will lead us into the heart. We have now arrived to the right atrium of the heart. As you can see looking out of your windows, the right atrium of the heart receives de-oxygenated blood from the body via the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. So everything is connected in terms of blood flow so that the blood will return to the right atrium of the heart. You can also see the contractions that the atrium is making. This is due to the sinoatrial node that sends impulses to the cardiac muscle tissue which causes it to contract in a wave-like manner. Now we are going to enter the tricuspid valve. As you look at the tricuspid valve, you can see that it is the doorway that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. This valve opens to allow the de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium to flow to the right ventricle. So, let’s increase our speed so we can make it into the right ventricle before the tricuspid valve closes! Hold on tight! Ok my fellow passengers we have now made it into the right ventricle. If you look ahead, the pulmonary valve is closed so that the right ventricle can fill up with blood. So this part of the journey may get a little rough. Now that the ventricle is full of blood, you can see that the right ventricle is starting to contract. Since the right ventricle has contracted the tricuspid valve is closing and the pulmonary valve is opening up. So, let’s move to the pulmonary artery now! As you continue to look ahead and think back on where we have traveled from, you can see that the right pulmonary artery is the blood vessel that transports de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung. We are moving through the pulmonary artery. Now we have reached the end of the pulmonary artery and have reached our destination to the lower lobe of the right lung. Since there is a bacterium invading the lower lobe of the right lung, I will now ask that everyone stays in their seats and make sure your safety belts are fastened because we may experience some turbulence. Thank You! If you look to your right, you can see that the bacterium is trying to invade the lung. You can see the three lobes of the right lung, but at the moment the bacteria seems to be focused on the lower lobe. As you can see the female’s immune system is kicking in and leukocytes are starting to show up on the scene. The leukocytes are beginning to perform nonspecific immunity. Nonspecific immunity is the body’s first line of defense against invading bacterium. As you can see with this immunity the body attacks the bacterium head on to try and kill it. With specific immunity you can see that those leukocytes attack certain bacterium. In this case the body is using nonspecific immunity to kill the bacterium. The leukocytes are engulfing the bacterium and killing them directly. Now that the leukocytes have killed all the bacteria, the â€Å"Battle of the Lung is over. † We will now proceed to leave the body through the nose and end our journey. We are now crossing the alveoli membrane. The alveoli membranes are the respiratory surfaces of the lungs. I need all passengers to pay close attention because we are going to speed up just a little bit because we don’t have much time before the submarine returns to its normal size. Now that we are leaving the alveoli membrane we are now entering the bronchioles. If you look around, the bronchioles are small bronchial tubes that send air to the alveoli. We are now experiencing some major turbulence from the wind gusts so make sure you stay in your seats. Now we will be entering the trachea through the right bronchial tube. If you look around you can see that the trachea is shaped like a pipe and is also known as the windpipe of the body. As we leave the trachea, we are now entering the larynx. The larynx is the voice box where air is directed to the trachea. If you look to your right you can see the vocal cords that we use when speaking. Now we are entering the pharynx, which is also known as the throat. Hold on tight because we will now be leaving the pharynx and exiting the body through the nose. We will also experience some turbulence when exiting through the nose because as you can see, there are long hairs all around that prevent the body from acquiring infections from particles that try to enter the nose. We are now exiting the nose. Thank you for your time and consideration, we will now be returning to normal size.  Now you may gather all of your belongings and exit the front of the submarine. Thank you and have a great day!

Hrotsvitha von Gandersheimâ€Dramatist, Poet and Historian

Hrotsvitha von Gandersheim- Dramatist, Poet and Historian Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim wrote the first plays known to be written by a woman, and she is the first known European woman poet after Sappho. She was a canoness, poet, dramatist, and historian. Surmised from internal evidence of the writings that she was born about 930 or 935, and died after 973, perhaps as late as 1002 The German Dramatist is also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, Hrotsvitha von Gandersheim, Hrotsuit, Hrosvitha, Hrosvit, Hroswitha, Hrosvitha, Hrostsvit, Hrotsvithae, Roswita, Roswitha Hrotsvitha von Gandersheim Biography Of Saxon background, Hrotsvitha became canoness of a convent in Gandersheim, near Gà ¶ttingen. The convent was self-sufficient, known in its time for being a cultural and educational center.  It had been established in the 9th century by Duke Liudolf and his wife and her mother as a free abbey, not connected to the hierarchy of the church but to the local ruler.  In 947, Otto I freed the abbey completely so that it was also not subject to a secular rule.  The abbess in Hrotsvithas time, Gerberga, was a niece of the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I the Great.  There is no evidence that Hrotsvitha was herself a royal relative, though some have guessed that she might have been. Although Hrotsvitha is referred to as a nun, she was a canoness, meaning that she did not follow the vow of poverty, though she still took the vows of obedience and chastity that the nuns did. Richarda (or Rikkarda) was responsible for the novices at Gerberga, and was a teacher of Hrotsvitha, of great intellect according to Hrotsvithas writing.  She later became an abbess. At the convent, and encouraged by the abbess, Hrotsvitha wrote plays on Christian themes. She also wrote poems and prose. In her lives of the saints and in a life in verse of Emperor Otto I, Hrostvitha chronicled history and legend. She wrote in Latin as was usual for the time; most educated Europeans were conversant in Latin and it was the standard language for scholarly writing.  Because of allusions in the writing to Ovid, Terence, Virgil, and Horace, we can conclude  that the convent included a library with these works.  Because of mention of events of the day, we know that she was writing sometime after 968. The plays and poems were shared only with others at the abbey, and possibly, with the abbess connections, at the royal court. Hrotsvithas plays were not rediscovered until 1500, and parts of her works are missing.  They were first published in Latin in 1502, edited by Conrad Celtes, and in English in 1920. From evidence within the work, Hrostvitha is credited with writing six plays, eight poems, a poem honoring Otto I and the history of the abbey community. The poems are written to honor saints individually, including Agnes and the Virgin Mary as well as Basil, Dionysus, Gongolfus, Pelagius and Theophilus.  Poems available are: PelagiusTheophilusPassio Gongolphi The plays are unlike morality plays that Europe favored a few centuries later, and there are few other plays extant from her between the Classical era and those. She was obviously familiar with the classical playwright Terence and uses some of his same forms, including satirical and even slapstick comedy, and may have intended to produce more chaste entertainment than Terences works for the cloistered women. Whether the plays were read aloud or actually performed, is unknown. The plays include two long passages which seem out of place, one on mathematics and one on the cosmos. The plays are known in translation by different titles: Abraham, also known as The Fall and Repentance of Mary.Callimachus, also known as The Resurrection of Drusiana.Dulcitis, also known as The Martyrdom of the Holy Virgins Irene, Agape and Chionia or The Martyrdom of the Holy Virgins Agape, Chionia, and Hirena.Gallicanus, also known as The Conversion of General Gallicanus.Paphnutius, also known as The Conversion of the Thais, the Harlot, in Plays, or The Conversion of the Harlot Thais.Sapienta, also known as The Martyrdom of the Holy Virgins Faith, Hope, and Charity or The Martyrdom of the Holy Virgins Fides, Spes, and Karitas. The plots of her plays are either about the martyrdom of a Christian woman in pagan Rome or about a pious Christian man rescuing a fallen woman. Her Panagyric Oddonum is a tribute in verse to Otto I, the abbess relative.  She also wrote a work about the abbeys founding, Primordia Coenobii Gandershemensis.

12 Best Art Schools in the World

12 Best Art Schools in the World SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you have a passion for art, there are some great college options out there for you! Art schools can provide you with the tools you need to develop your skills and make a career out of what you love. In this article, I'll give you a list of the best art schools in the world, tell you what each of their programs is like, and give you some tips on how to choose the right one for you. What Makes a Great Art School? The best art schools are institutions that teach students to think creatively across disciplines and provide them with the instruction and resources that will enable them to fulfill their artistic potential. All the schools on this list are forward-thinking, well-respected colleges with constantly evolving curricula that always keep pace with changes in the art world. They have international name recognition and strong reputations as a result of the successes of their alumni. These universities offer a variety of majors in artistic disciplines that will lead to fulfilling careers. They also have cutting edge facilities that allow students to make their visions a reality, whether that involves welding a giant metal sculpture or creating life-like 3D animations. Programs in the digital arts are prominent features of most of these colleges because knowledge of design programs and other art-making software is crucial in the current artistic landscape for students who hope to develop their practice into a career. The schools on this list provide excellent career counseling services to make the transition from student to professional as smooth as possible for their students. Many provide students with the opportunity to work at internships or in other professional development contexts while still in school so that they can build their experience and be prepared to take on the job world. At a great art school, you’ll be consistently inspired through interactions with some of the most interesting and creative people you’ll ever meet. If you love art, these schools will help you develop your passion and take it to places you never even thought possible! Make your dreams a (sur)reality. The Best Art Schools in the World Without further ado, here's a list of the top twelve art schools in the world ranked by reputation and quality! #1: Rhode Island School of Design- Providence, Rhode Island (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 1,976 Acceptance rate: 29% About the School: RISD is considered by many to be the best art and design school out there. With distinguished faculty members, extensive resources for students, and a strong career services department, RISD offers pretty much anything you could want in an art and design education. RISD also has an associated museum with thousands of works in its collection that span different time periods, cultures, and media. Rhode Island School of Design #2: School of the Art Institute of Chicago- Chicago, Illinois (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 2,889Acceptance rate: 61% About the School: School of the Art Institute of Chicago boasts a strong global reputation; its alumni include Georgia O'Keeffe, David Sedaris, and Edward Gorey (who is one of my favorite artists!). SAIC has an interdisciplinary curriculum, meaning that students are encouraged to experiment widely across artistic disciplines before deciding on the best medium for their ideas. The education at SAIC is highly customizable, encouraging students to be creative in combining different types of art. Off-campus study is also required at SAIC. Students can fulfill this requirement through an internship program, study trip, or study abroad experience. This provides a bridge to the art world outside of college and helps students prepare for careers in the arts. School of the Art Institute of Chicago #3: California Institute of the Arts- Valencia, California (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 984Acceptance rate: 24% About the School: CalArts is an internationally recognized art school that encourages students to go beyond the boundaries of traditional media. It has a strong focus on individualized attention for each student. Students are also given a high level of creative freedom and independence in their studies- artistic promise is the number one criteria for admission. CalArts also participates in the Community Arts Partnership, which gives students the opportunity to teach art to youth in Los Angeles while gaining experience and earning an income. The Institute provides resources such as internships and mentoring programs for students to help them translate their artistic skills into a career after college. California Institute of the Arts #4: Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design- London, England Undergraduate enrollment: 3,013Acceptance rate: Not reported About the School: Central Saint Martins is a constituent college of the University of the Arts in London. It is considered one of the world’s leading institutions in art and design education. The college offers nine different areas of study to students, including Graphic Communication Design, Fine Art, and Jewelry and Textiles. Students are encouraged to develop their ideas beyond the accepted boundaries of each artistic discipline and to always be open to new approaches and ideas. Facilities include digital fabrication studios, letterpress studios, a digital media lab, an animation lab, and more. CSM College of Art and Design #5: Parsons School of Design at The New School- New York City, New York (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 6,695Acceptance rate: 51% About the School: The New School emphasizes a design thinking approach to solving problems on a global scale. Parsons is dedicated to remaining on the cutting edge of arts education; it strives to continually embrace new trends and interdisciplinary approaches to the arts. It also has a community service and social justice focus, encouraging design projects that have tangible outcomes in the world. Parsons provides one-on-one career counseling to students as well as connections to jobs and internships through the Center for Student Success. Parsons #6: Berlin University of the Arts- Berlin, Germany Enrollment: 3,618Acceptance rate: 20% About the School: The Berlin University of the Arts is the largest art school in Europe. Its faculty includes some of the most well-respected contemporary artists in the world, including Chinese artist and social activist Ai Weiwei (watch the documentary Ai Weiwei: Never Sorry about his work- it’s super interesting). There are four colleges within the University system that specialize in Fine Arts, Music, Design, and Performing Arts. Berlin University of the Arts has more than 170 international partnerships with other universities. The university hosts over 500 events every year and is a key cultural venue in the city. Students present their work to the public in exhibitions, concerts, dramatic productions, evenings of song, readings, and lectures. Berlin University of the Arts #7: Pratt Institute- New York City, New York (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 3,439Acceptance rate: 50% About the School: Pratt is at the center of the New York art scene, and is consistently ranked among the top art and design colleges in the world. A highly distinguished faculty made up of leaders in artistic fields means that students will make meaningful connections to the art world during their time at Pratt. Career Counseling services are excellent and have a high job placement rate after graduation. Pratt also sits on a beautiful enclosed campus that gives students a sanctuary apart from the hectic city life. Pratt Institute #8: ArtCenter College of Design- Pasadena, California (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 2,005Acceptance rate: Not reported About the School: ArtCenter College of Design has a distinguished reputation. Alumni include the advertising genius behind the "Got Milk?" campaign and the concept illustrator who gave R2-D2 life! The college is always willing to change with the times, and has added six undergraduate departments since 1970, the most recent being Interaction Design in 2012. ArtCenter College of Design was the first design school to install computer labs on its campus in the 1980s. Its â€Å"Designmatters† educational program gives students the opportunity to work on design projects that have a positive social impact. ArtCenter is known for its international focus and interdisciplinary curriculum that encourages transcendence of individual artistic mediums. ArtCenter College of Design #9: Glasgow School of Art- Glasgow, Scotland Undergraduate enrollment: 2,195Acceptance rate: Not reported About the School: Glasgow School of Art is Scotland’s only public self-governing art school. It is divided into two campuses: the School of Fine Arts and the School of Design. GSA is at the head of research in creative disciplines, with research centers including the Digital Design Studio, the Institute of Design Innovation, the Mackintosh Environmental Architectural Research Institute, and the Glasgow Urban Lab. Glasgow School of Art also has an extensive student and staff exchange program with about 75 of the world’s leading Art, Design and Architecture schools. Numerous alumni have won the Turner Prize, the most prestigious award in the British art scene given to one artist under 50 every year. Glasgow School of Art #10: China Central Academy of Fine Arts- Beijing, China Undergraduate enrollment: 4,700Acceptance rate: Less than 10% About the School: The China Central Academy of Fine Arts is one of the most selective schools in China and is considered China’s most prestigious art academy. It is made up of six specialty schools: the School of Fine Art, the School of Chinese Painting, the School of Design, the School of Architecture, the School of Humanities, and the School of Urban Design. The School of Design has been heavily involved with national Chinese design projects, including designs for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The Academy is also home to a huge museum that includes over 2,000 Chinese scroll paintings that date back to the Ming Dynasty. #: National School of Fine Arts- Paris, France Undergraduate enrollment: Not reportedAcceptance rate: Not reported About the School: The National School of Fine Arts holds 450,000 items in its collections in the form of books and artworks; this is one of the largest public collections in France. Faculty and alumni include many internationally recognized artists. The five-year curriculum is made up of two consecutive "cycles," the first lasting three years and the second two years, in which students learn the fundamental practical and theoretical components of artistic creation. National School of Fine Arts- Paris #12: Tokyo University of the Arts- Tokyo, Japan Undergraduate enrollment: 3,302Acceptance rate: 30% About the School: As the only national arts university in Japan, Tokyo University of the Arts seeks to develop Japanese art and culture and emphasize a spirit of artistic freedom and creativity. Through collaboration with other universities and institutions, TUA works to create new forms of artistic expression and demonstrate the power of art to influence global trends. TUA also runs an exchange program with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Tokyo University of the Arts Which Art School is the Right Choice for You? It's difficult to decide on the right art school when there are so many great options out there. The first thing you should think about is location. Would you consider going to another state or country for college? Or would you prefer to stay closer to home? From there, you can decide which schools in the area of your choice appeal to you most. Are you looking for a city, suburban, or rural atmosphere? One factor that sets many of these colleges apart is the level of specialization throughout the curriculum. For example, ArtCenter College of Design requires students to choose an artistic discipline right away rather than including a year of foundational courses. This might be fine for you if you're convinced that you want to make a certain type of art, but it might not be the best fit if you're still not sure of your concentration. Rhode Island School of Design, on the other hand, requires a baseline course of study for all freshman before they're split up into their separate artistic disciplines sophomore year. It's also very important to consider whether each school offers the types of opportunities and facilities you want. If you're more design-oriented than fine art-oriented, you might consider a college like Parson's or ArtCenter College of Design. These schools have programs that focus on the practical application of design-thinking to solve problems in the real world. If you're hoping to spend some time studying abroad in college, you might think about School of the Art Institute of Chicago, which requires students to complete an off-campus study program. Fully explore what each school has to offer before making a decision based on first impressions. What do you want to get out of your arts education? Consider the potential connections you'll form with faculty and the surrounding artistic community. This type of networking can be a huge help down the road. Schools in New York City like Pratt and Parsons have an advantage in this regard since they're located in one of the central hubs of the art world. All of the schools on this list have great things to offer, but if you choose one that strongly appeals to your interests and provides the specific types of programs you're looking for, you'll be in for an amazing college experience. What's Next? If you want to apply to one of the best art schools in the world, you'll need to put together a portfolio. Learn more about how to create an art portfolio that showcases your strengths. Are you still researching colleges (or haven't started yet)? If so, take a look at this guide to the college research process for some helpful tips. If you're worried about paying for college, there are tons of scholarships out there for you. Read this article on the best scholarships you can win as a high school senior. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Can Compatibilism be Defended Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Can Compatibilism be Defended - Essay Example However, the reality may not necessarily lie in line with the compatibilist’s line of argument. Most philosophers before this point have attempted to deal with compatibilism using their own customised definitions of free will and determinism. For example, Peter van Inwagen uses his own definitions (Van Inwagen & Zimmerman, 1998) while Narverson accepts them and bends them during his subsequent reply. (Naverson, 1977) Similarly the definitions of Robert Kane, Strawson, and Campbell will differ largely with those of older philosophers such as Humes. (Kane, 1996) (Campbell, 1957) (Bok, 1998) Most of these definitions have only intensified the problem rather than solving it in any form. If the classical definitions of free will and determinism are used, the issue of compatibilism can be solved with much greater ease. I will attempt to define compatibilism using simple definitions of free will and determinism and will then proceed to exposing weaknesses in the compatibilist line of argument. The compatibilist is simply a proponent of the idea that free will and determinism are compatible ideas. This implies that both lines of argument can be conceded to without being logically inconsistent. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009) In order to create an association between free will and determinism, certain very â€Å"hard to digest† definitions have been provided. ... It is not as if this simple definition is not comprehensive enough. Consider for example a very common scenario. I cannot coerce a person to commit any actions against his free will such as I cannot do anything in my power right now to say move your hand unless you wish to move your hand. You will only move your hand when you feel obliged to do so for whatever your free will demands of you. The general view includes coercive behaviour such as rape, imprisonment and the like to define free will which I believe is not totally justified. A person being raped may be coerced to perform under threat but that is merely usurpation of their free will. Such a person always has the choice of fighting back no matter what the outcome. This choice to fight back is again a constitution of free will. In a sense, human free will is like a skill one can master. Certain people have far more control over their actions because they allow their free will to do so. On the other hand most people have little control over their actions especially when they are emotionally charged such as when angry, excited or in pain because they choose not to control their behaviour in these scenarios. Just as human beings possess different characteristics, it cannot be expected of them to possess the same degrees of free will too. Doing so would serve as a major error in dealing with human free will. Hence as per the libertarian’s views, human free will allows each of us to do as we want to do, when we want to do and how we want to do. Others would argue that man is not free to do as he pleases in society and hence society controls or determines man’s free will. However, there is little to support their argument that falls on itself paradoxically.

How can motivation affected by appraisal system Thesis Proposal

How can motivation affected by appraisal system - Thesis Proposal Example Some of the main benefits that are usually associated with increasing employee motivation include improved organizational development, employee commitment, resource integration, and improvement in business processes. When employees feel valued by their companies and their motivation level is on a high end, they show more commitment and dedication to their job activities, which consequently improves their individual and organizational performances. As far as performance appraisal is concerned, companies have been using it has a way to know employees’ performances in order to bring required improvements in their performances. Appraisal is a continuous process of identifying, measuring, and developing the performance of employees in order to align those performances with the strategic goals of the organization. Without an effective appraisal system in practice, it becomes difficult to know whether there is a need to enhance personal development or to build a sense of value employees. This is the reason why managers make use of the most suitable appraisal methods to assess and evaluate performances. This study will be about the way performance appraisals can be used to improve employees’ motivation level. The primary objective of the research will be to know whether motivation is affected by performance appraisals or not. The research will be new in a sense that it will focus the effects of performance appraisals in multinational organizations of the United Kingdom. Not much research has been done on this in the past which provides a base for the researcher to explore the effects of appraisals on the working and motivation of employees. The researcher aims to know how and in which ways appraisals can be used to improve employees’ performances. This research will be very helpful in that it will provide a good amount of knowledge in this field of research. This research will also be focused on knowing the methods of

Findings Analysis Essay Example for Free

Findings Analysis Essay I have found out my primary information about the idea of slim-line kitchen electrical appliances by doing a quota sampling, which meant dividing the population into various age groups and backgrounds and carrying out questionnaires. In my results in source 14, which is my questionnaire, the first question shows the gender of the amount of people that help fill in the questionnaire. Out of 150 people that I questioned only 36.6% were males and females a greater percentage of 63.6(%). This shows that on average most of the people I questioned were females. Source 2 also supports this idea as it states that the majority of people living in England are females at 51%. Also the details in source 6 show the gender of people that purchase brown and white goods, the larger percentage goes towards the women at 54%. Also an evidence of this statement that there are more women than men in GB is illustrated in source 2, it shows that in 2003 there were more women than men- and that I think has increased during recent years because source 2 shows that women are at 51% of the population in UK, then source 6 shows women are at 54 and source 14 [the questionnaire] shows they are at 63 percent (you can see that in the chart below that shows these results), and I predict this is going to escalate far more in a years or so time; which means if S and S plc was to choose their target group then in my opinion women should be targeted not only for their percentage as a whole but as for the person that makes decisions about where the kitchen appliances go and what should be bought. The second question in the questionnaire asks for the age groups of the person that is filling in the questionnaire; the most widely held answer is the 45-54 age group. On a percentage out of 150 people 48% of the people come in that particular age group. Although my source 2 says that the majority of the people living in Great Britain are either between the age group of 35-44 or above 65, however my source is over 3 years old, which could make big difference as related to new market, but maybe the area that I was doing the questionnaire in; the majority of the people were between 45 and 54. The rest of the questionnaire still supports the idea of what S and S plc is trying to introduce. This means they have now got an idea of what the populations wants and needs are. S and S plc need to confirm the target age group and then plan sale strategies. Question 4 asks the people what newspapers they read. Out of a variety of newspapers most of the people wrote their answer as The Daily Telegraph, 62% out of 150 people. This question is not completely pointless as it is a method of advertising for many companies including electrical stores such as Dixons, Comet and Currys. According to my source 12 quite a big percentage of the expenditure that a business is ready to pay for advertising belongs to the press area /newspapers. Out of 10 different electrical stores 76% of the money they spend on advertising is in the press column. Therefore it would be very beneficial for S and S plc to put their ads into the two top particular newspapers Daily Telegraph being the top. Another quite high percentage of the advertising goes into the radio, which is also another method for S and S plc to attain more awareness. The next question asks the people how many people live in their household, majority of the people answered 4 to the question. Out of 150 people 30% said 4. Source 4 of my secondary data illustrates that 13.2% of the people out of 25,220 people have 4 persons living in their household and the majority of the people answered 2 persons out of the same audience 34.9% to be exact, however we know that my secondary information is about 2 years old which only shows me old data that is not accurate but as we know now the majority of the people have 4 persons in their household, because as times go on people make more decisions. This means that there are more people living in a single household now as opposed to 2 years ago, therefore white goods will be necessary for them in their daily life unlike single people living alone dont need as much white goods because they wont use it a lot. So if S and S plc were to get targets then going for the more colonized houses because they will be a god i dea and these will be their ideal customers. Question six asks the people what circumstances will aid them to consider buying slim white goods to replace them with the old. The choices included from new models introduced, moving house, changing their kitchens and/or when their old goods break down. The majority of the people answered as when they move houses, 62.6% out of 150 people agreed to that. This gives S and S plc the opportunity to sell their products, if they know how many people are moving houses on average they can work out the amount of the kitchen electrical appliances that they need to produce, this will maintain the sale of the slim-line white goods as the results in source 5 show the statistics that, there are increasingly more people that either move or as a result separation move to another home alone. If S and S plc want to boost their sales they have to advertise it to the people that are moving houses [as white goods are very important in a household, it is almost a necessity]. Source 3 also shows that the majority of the people in 1 household are 2 persons. And as more people move into the same house there is an even greater need of white goods, and as some houses are quite cramped slim-line white goods is the best option so that sort of people should be target to the S and S plc. Question seven enquires the people how long ago was the last time that they purchased/changed their white good. The majority of the people answered this question as last 5 years which sums up to be 48% out of the total of 150 people. This shows that the majority of people will not spend frequently on white goods as they are only replaced when they are damaged or too much out of date, this is simply because that the people are already used to the way that that particular white good works. Also another reason for people not to change their white goods purchased in last 5 years is that the white goods technology hasnt changed much in the last 5 years so no reason to change their white goods, but as source 8 of my raw information shows that there is an increasing demand of new technology therefore sale for the slim-line white goods will produce profit to S and S plc as the savvy consumers is the prime driver of the market. The pie chart in the same source reveals that the second highest percentage of consumers spending on electricals belongs to the household appliances this is a 23% of the expenditure. Question eight asks the people where they purchase their kitchen appliances; the applicants were given four choices out of which 3 were specialist retailers and one non-specialist. However you would expect a specialist such as Curry or Dixons to rule this sort of market, but the majority of the peoples answer was other specialist retailer as these two retailers I mentioned are not experts and do not sell all brands that the people might be looking for. Some people have had good experiences with some brands that they wish to keep with. I predicted the majority of the shares should be owned by Dixons; this is also what my sources show namely source 11; it shows that the majority of the shares in the market belonged to these retailers in 2004. Source 9 of my raw information states that non-specialist such as ASDA and Tesco have a more constant product offering which is a step beyond WIGIG [when its gone its gone offer] that specialist retailers use as their sale strategies. These non-specialists sell varieties of brands and at a low cost too, thus increasing their sales. Source 9 also shows the statistics in the electrical retail market that this has caused. It has attracted customers from other markets such as PC and Audio-Visual markets because people would rather buy the same thing cheaper. This means that S and S plc should also increase and expand the variety of electrical goods the sell and do not necessarily have to be a specialist retailer for white/slim-line goods. This will increase their sales and give the m a higher reputation in the electrical retail market. The ninth question in the questionnaire enquires if changes in the circumstances were to occur; [including those mentioned in question six], would they consider buying i.e. replacing them with slim-line versions of the goods. The majority of the people out of 150 answered Yes, this concluded to 86% the rest 14% answered No. People dont find the urge to replace their existing electrical appliances as quick as any other item in the household, this is because these can be shared and it is only going to be a waste if you used it once and then dispose of it especially when it costs a lot. So as seen in question 6, most people will only replace their kitchen electrical goods when they move house. The idea of slim line appliances in kitchen is new so many people will not be too comfortable with using these, therefore sales for these will not increase soon after the promotion. According to the results I for this question it looks like quite a high percentage of people want to try it out and have a vision of what they will be when they buy them, because they know this will save space in their house no matter what the amount of people in the household. There are a number of reasons why people would want to purchase slim-line kitchen electrical goods. One that I think is different than any other is efficiency of the goods. If it saves the customers money, they will defiantly choose this item to last for a long time. Source 7 states The largest amounts of customer spending go on housing/electricity/gas other fuels, so slim-line kitchen electrical goods were to decrease the money spent they would be able to buy more goods as they get more disposable income SAY SOME STUFF ABOUT THE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE !!. What S and S plc needs to do is to advertise their product so that it illustrates that it is efficient and takes less space they need to take this measurement in the plotting of the sale strategy, this could be S and S plcs unique selling point, something that distinguishes S and S plc from other retailers. In source 7 [i.e. fig.11] you can see the statistics as to how much people spend on the mentioned factors. From the graph above you can see that even though the expenditures are increasing slowly if not very swiftly. This you can see in the tale where in the %change column you can see that even though expenditures were increasing as a percentage in midyear intervals for many years, it is slowly levelling out/decreasing. Question 10 asks the people if they were given a choice to own a slim-line kitchen electrical good would the replace it with their existing ones. 59.3% of the people answered yes. As I said, for replacement of kitchen electrical goods slim-line kitchen electrical appliances are best suited as they as well as being efficient this will also be more modern and will take less space, so this offers the customers an opportunity to work more efficiently and in a better/ bigger space. HELP!!! Question eleven is entitled to find out what the motivation is that leads the sales of kitchen electrical appliances in the market. The question was What motivates you to buy a new kitchen electrical appliance? We provided them with four possible answers these included the price, its capacity, brand name or energy efficient. A high percentage of people were motivated by looking at the appliances capacity, which is vital because if it has to be shared it must be sufficiently big. This added up to 21.3% of the people out of 150 that help fill the questionnaire. The higher percentage [48%] of the people said they were motivated by the price, so if it was cheap and had a big capacity more customers would purchase the product. Not much of the credit went to the brand name, although I would have guessed this would be a bigger motivation to the people because when many people have had experience with one brand they stick to it and pass on their reviews, then again it isnt very often that p eople buy kitchen electrical appliances and its models changes from year to year. This means that when S and S plc rules the JnK plc companies in Asia, they wont have much difficulty with introducing new products into the market and sell as much as possible. However more credibility goes to energy efficiency, so some people are interested in saving money per annual rather than once, at the purchase time, this answer was chosen by 12% of the total. This question too links to source 7 as it shows that more people are decreasing the amount of money spent on electricity, gas, water etc. It shows that less people are ready to pay a lot of money for these appliances. The last question finishes off the questionnaire with asking the people if slim-line kitchen electrical appliances were in the market would the people buy them. The majority of the people chose to buy their goods only if their circumstances were to change. This means that even though slim-line kitchen electrical goods are a big success they will only be purchased when they need to replace them because people dont want to change their kitchen appliances too frequently, only when they move or if the old one is broken. 42.3% of people chose this for an answer. This means that people are not desperate to own one but they reckon it is a good idea to own one Well this questionnaire gave S and S plc a good guidance on what the market is like and if slim-line kitchen electrical appliances would sell in that market and to choose their target and unique selling point.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A DOLL’S HOUSE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Believe it or not money is a big thing in a couples relationship. One of the themes in the play, A Doll’s House, was about money. In the play, money had a lot to do with the breaking of a relationship. The relationship was between Nora and Torvald a married couple. Their was a big thing that had to do with money that I will be discussing later in this essay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On page 5, Torvald is asking the question, â€Å"What are little people called that are always wasting money?† Nora then answers, â€Å"Spendthrifts†. Nora by no means I think was truly a spendthrift. She was only given enough money by her husband at any given time to get only what she needed. She couldn’t go and get what she really wanted. She had to go out and get the necessities a family needed like clothes. I’m not saying she didn’t want to go out and spend money. Mostly only the men worked in this time period so its not like it was easy to get extra money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Torvald was the man of the family. The man of the family was mostly the sole income of the family. He didn’t like wasting or spending money. He really cared about money and invested it in the right ways. He was so happy when he found out he was getting a promotion for a better job and salary with the bank. That meant a better appearance and a lot more money. He thought everything was going to be perfect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nora had a secret that whole play that Torvald didn’t know about. Nora saved his life by taking him out on a long vacation away from everything so he could clear his mind at a very bad time. She told Torvald the money really came from her Papa. The money really came from a loan she took out from Kogstad that was forged. Krogstad was a former bank employee and long friend of Torvald’s. Torvald was very angry when he first found out of this because he was scared of his appearance, but when Krogstad met a old girl friend of his he didn’t worry about the loan. Henrik Isben's A Doll's House :: A Doll's House Essays A DOLL’S HOUSE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Believe it or not money is a big thing in a couples relationship. One of the themes in the play, A Doll’s House, was about money. In the play, money had a lot to do with the breaking of a relationship. The relationship was between Nora and Torvald a married couple. Their was a big thing that had to do with money that I will be discussing later in this essay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On page 5, Torvald is asking the question, â€Å"What are little people called that are always wasting money?† Nora then answers, â€Å"Spendthrifts†. Nora by no means I think was truly a spendthrift. She was only given enough money by her husband at any given time to get only what she needed. She couldn’t go and get what she really wanted. She had to go out and get the necessities a family needed like clothes. I’m not saying she didn’t want to go out and spend money. Mostly only the men worked in this time period so its not like it was easy to get extra money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Torvald was the man of the family. The man of the family was mostly the sole income of the family. He didn’t like wasting or spending money. He really cared about money and invested it in the right ways. He was so happy when he found out he was getting a promotion for a better job and salary with the bank. That meant a better appearance and a lot more money. He thought everything was going to be perfect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nora had a secret that whole play that Torvald didn’t know about. Nora saved his life by taking him out on a long vacation away from everything so he could clear his mind at a very bad time. She told Torvald the money really came from her Papa. The money really came from a loan she took out from Kogstad that was forged. Krogstad was a former bank employee and long friend of Torvald’s. Torvald was very angry when he first found out of this because he was scared of his appearance, but when Krogstad met a old girl friend of his he didn’t worry about the loan.

Identifying a Problem

Identifying a Problem T. L. Wilson Grand Canyon University Professional Research Project NRS-441V March 19, 2013 Identifying a Problem The clinical environment that I previously worked in was a correctional institution. During the time that I worked in corrections I encountered several inmates that had HIV. It was this environment and the experience that I received this idea and it is what gives me the inspiration to build a proposal for change.Within this system is where I discovered that staff was not receiving much prevention and education and the inmates were not receiving any prevention education at all. During the time that I worked in corrections and encountered individuals with HIV. One evening while running the medication line a 17 year old stepped to the medication window to receive his medication. His medication was a barrage of HIV antivirals. I was shocked and found the situation to be very disturbing. I assumed this bothered me because I also had a child this age.The wh ole scenario of this young man having HIV made me feel as though somehow I had dropped the ball on him and his situation and let this young men down. I often wondered if this young man had been instructed on prevention and education prior to his HIV diagnoses. As health professional and a parent that situation personally left me feeling responsible as well as driven to do all that I can to get people educated regarding HIV prevention and education. After that initial shock wore off I encountered several others that crossed my path ranging in age from 17-21 that were HIV positive also.I also discovered that the staff and well as the inmates were in disparate need of a primary prevention and education plan. As a fully staffed health care unit there was very little to no patient teaching being conducted. I feel that it is very important that a preventive and health management program be implemented for inmates as well as staff. The purpose of such a program for staff would ensure that inmate/patients gained knowledge of their status. Implementing a preventive nd education program would give inmates insight in to their diagnosis and encourage medication compliance in addition to giving the inmate/patient the opportunity to take part in the management of their own health. This would be accomplished by being compliant with their medication and avoiding at risk behavior such as sexual activity or acquiring tattoos or any other at risk behavior. As for the health care staff and security staff an in depth expanding their knowledge base with a thorough system to educate and one that promotes prevention will decrease the exposure risk for staff and inmates.

Causes of Accounting Scandals Essay

The accounting entities and accountants of the world have defined several standards and ethical guidelines that need to be and must be followed by the accountants so that things are not misrepresented and no wrong information is provided to the investors. The accounting information generated by any company is generally used by external entities and stakeholders as well and hence it is crucial to maintain and define some standards and practices that serve the purpose and are in the best of interest of all the stakeholders of any organization. However, despite of the development and establishment of such specific standards and regulations, there are several fraudulent activities that take place and there are several accounting scandals that come into the picture from time to time. There are several factors that lead to such accounting scandals despite of the presence of the ethical guidelines and standards. The scandals are shown to occur because of the unethical behavior o f the employees and one major factor that may lead to the unethical behavior of the employees is the corporate culture developed and used in an organization. Every company adopts and works on a specific type of culture and the culture should always be such that is facilitates the overall learning and development of the employees. But at times, due to some gaps in the expectations and the culture actually defined, the employees start adopting negative and fraudulent measures, thus leading to scandals. Miscommunication can also be a major reason for the observed scandal in several cases. It is possible that certain guidelines or practices are mis-communicated to the people. At times, it happens to be that the person responsible for giving the information misses out or omits some information all together. And hence, the accounting scandals tend to occur not because of the deliberate effort of some employee or a bunch of employees but mainly because they were not clear of certain practices or standards. The lack of appropriate management and guidance in an organization is also an important factor that contributes towards the development of different accounting scandals. Irrespective of the roles and responsibilities of the employees, the management always needs to keep a check on the things that is happening and maintain a way of guiding and managing the employees. In conditions where the management fails to do so, there are certain differences that occur in the set guidelines and actual practices, which lead to fraudulent activities. Thus, there are several factors that can be responsible for the accounting scandals that have occurred in the past and will keep occurring in the accounting world. In addition to these factors, there are also certain individual factors such as lack of professionalism, lack of knowledge, financial benefit or gain that can lead to scandals. And hence it is a mandate for every company to develop ways to monitor and avoid such unwanted and undesired situations. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/accounting-homework-help/

The Barbican Complex essays

The Barbican Complex essays In 1951 the City of London Corporation held a design competition for the building of a new community in the boundary area of central London. Geoffry Powell won this competition along with two other teachers from Kingston Peter Chamberlin and Christof Bon, who formed a partnership to execute the design. The competition received a lot of notoriety partly because of the emphasis on designing a big new residential project, mainly because this event marked the arrival of the planning ideas of Le Corbusier in England. This new project was called Barbican and sited on 42 acres of land. By that time the brutalist architecture HAD flourished in England, which originated from the modernist architectural movement. A typical example of this movement could be the Barbican complex, because it was a part of those buildings which were linear, fortress-like and blockish, often with a predominance of concrete construction. The Estate was a concrete mega structure, which did not appel to many people, as well as the style in which it had been built. That is why the complex gained its notoriety from. Barbican was built on a post-Second War blitzed wasteland by the architects Chamberlin, Powell and Bon, as I already mentioned. It is a masterpiece of asymmetrical, formal planning, built in reinforced concrete and hammered granite. Many may not see the beauty of its construction and open spaces, but it should receive acknowledgement, as it was constructed in difficult times with the purpose to re-populate the central part of London. The history of the complex is very interesting still. Planning began in 1956, but the actual work on it did not start until 1963 and it was finally finished in 1981. The building of the complex may have not been fast but the results are quite fascinating, from my point of view. As overall it is not the most interesting and good looking place, but it has got quite interesting interiors which I will mention in short. The Barb...

5 Ways to Be Happier at Work in the New Year

5 Ways to Be Happier at Work in the New Year Can’t settle on a resolution this year? Make 2017 the year you focus on your career. We all spend most of our time, whether we like it or not, at work. We might as well enjoy it. Here are 5 little things you can do to be happier and more successful on the job. 1. Be the early birdTry getting up a little earlier. Even 15 minutes can make a huge difference. Studies show people who wake up early are generally happier. Set your alarm just a tad bit earlier to give yourself a couple extra minutes, and you’ll be amazed at how easily you get ahead when you’re not always racing to catch up.2. Set boundariesYou make a point of pitching in when you’re really needed, and you would expect your coworkers to do the same for you. But sometimes you can get away with saying â€Å"no.† Taking a little extra time for your projects and priorities will make a big difference in how quickly you get through your to-do list.3. Open upOnce you learn how to say â€Å"no,â₠¬  try saying â€Å"yes.† Learn a new skill or language or go for that promotion. Exposing yourself to new and challenging experiences will help you grow both personally and professionally.4. Snack rightWorkplace vending machines are a resolution nightmare. Pack some healthy snacks and take them to work with you. You’ll save money and calories plus you’ll save yourself the mid-afternoon blood sugar crash.5. Know when to stopSo many times, we have to work late- even once we’ve left the office. But it’s easy to get caught up in bad habits even when the extra work just isn’t necessary. Pick a time to be done with work and stick with it. Drawing that line will make your actual work time more productive, and your free time more free for you to enjoy.This article is part of Bulk Up Your Career in 2017  campaign. Access the entire guide here to help you succeed in 2017.

What is the future of diversity management Essay

What is the future of diversity management - Essay Example Leadership and diversity are among the most discussed topics in scholarly research. The growing diversity of national and international workforce presents a serious challenge for leaders who must develop new approaches for managing diverse employees and using diversity as the source of competitive advantage. Unfortunately, previous research was increasingly concentrated on searching for â€Å"one best way† of leadership in organizations. Put simply, researchers were preoccupied with an idea to find one, universal leadership model, which would be equally effective in all organizational settings. With time, the idea of â€Å"one best way† was gradually replaced with the ideals of contingency leadership, which came to dominate organizational and leadership consciousness in all parts of the world. According to Day (1991), â€Å"implied in the contingency approach to leadership is the need for leaders to be flexible in their choice of leadership style based on the situation † (p.362). Today, contingency exemplifies the key component of diversity management decisions in organizations: a multitude of diversity management models suggests that there can never be a universal solution to diversity management issues. The current state of workplace development suggests that diversity in organizations will continue to persist. The coming years are likely to witness a dramatic shift from diversity management to diversity cultures in organizations, which will serve an essential source of competitive advantage and an instrument of continuous organizational learning in the long run. Literature review Workforce diversity is rightly considered as one of the most popular and controversial topics in contemporary business literature. Globalization and integration of markets and businesses lead to the growing diversity of employees in small organizations and large corporations. Thus, it comes as no surprise that organizations and professionals in organization studi es seek to develop and test new models of leadership and management, which will let organizations utilize their diversity potential to the fullest. It should be noted, that present day organizations are undergoing a dramatic change in diversity philosophies and principles. Today, the scope of diversity management is no longer limited to increasing the share of minorities in the workforce but implies the need to develop and sustain diversity-sensitive organizations (Dreachslin, 2007). In this situation, senior leaders are expected to develop sound commitment to recruiting, retaining, and supporting applicants and candidates that had been previously underrepresented (Dreachslin, 2007). Furthermore, diversity-sensitive ideology in organizations obligate leaders to convince and educate other stakeholders that diversity is the key strategic value and defines the course of long-term development in organizations. Unfortunately, â€Å"the effects of diversity on performance are mixed† (Haas 2010). The factors mediating the relationship between diversity and organizational presentation are numerous and varied. In the meantime, researchers develop and test new models of diversity management and their implications for organizations. The current state of research displays a tendency toward describing and analyzing numerous models of diversity management and their implications for the future of global business. Mitchell and Boyle (2010) tried to create a single, theoretical framework of diversity management and tested a model of leadership, in which diversity management would be closely connected to innovation and creativity, learning, and organizational transformations. The researchers found out that transformational leaders facilitated the creation of knowledge in organizations, leading to increased recognition of diversity and acceptance of diversity management within the staff (Mitchell & Boyle 2010). However, while

Experiecing art in person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experiecing art in person - Essay Example Event title: Release Your Plans by Daniel Sprick, United States, 2001. Event Location: Denver Art Museum Event Date and Time: July 27 2012, at 10 a.m. Event Performers: Daniel Sprick Brief Description of event: This is an event that took place in the Denver Art Museum, entailing the presentation and discussion of the artwork, â€Å"Release Your Plans†, which was created by Daniel Sprick3. During the event, the students and other interested parties sat and observed the painting. This was followed by a presentation by Daniel Sprick, where he discussed the background of the painting, what motivated the creation of the painting, its essence and relevance as an artwork, as well as the discussion and demonstration of the different components that makes up the painting. The audience was then allowed an opportunity to ask questions to the presenter, who then answered them. After the presentation, the event was finally closed. The form/structure of the art The piece of art, â€Å"Rele ase Your Plans†, which was created by Daniel Sprick, is located in the 7th floor of the Denver Art Museum. ... However, there are several components that are conspicuously available. First, the most eye-catching aspect of the painting is that, while its name is simply â€Å"Release Your Plans†, there is another full message written on a different piece paper which is then hang behind the easel of the painting, with a full message, â€Å"Listen to your destiny, and when it calls, release your plans† 3. The other conspicuous component of the painting is the human skull, which has some pins in its eyes, and a mirror placed on a stand, which reflects the outside of the room, and it shows that the outside is more beautiful than the inside of the room. The painting also has a litter of kitchen trash, which includes some broken egg shell, a knife, broken pieces of bottles, as well as some cans, which are particularly displayed as very old2. Broken pieces of glasses are also shown on the floor of the room, which seems to be a kitchen. The other components of the painting are floating ob jects, which include a rose flower and a plate, possibly used as the clamp for the rose. There is also a rug on the floor and a piece of cigarette that lies next to the eggshell that is already broken. The skull, the bottle and the floating objects are the placed on top of a table, which is particularly peculiar, owing to the way it is wrapped with a white cloth that appears to be larger than necessary, thus it is folded on the lower side with some strings and embedded on the main stand of the table. There are also some dead cockroaches that are placed on the table top3. The narrative intent of the art The narrative intent of the art is to depict life in its natural form, in its truthfulness and in its good and bad realities. The

Cultural acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural acceptance - Essay Example The dish is a blend of the American tradition and the Chinese heritage. This made her celebrate her mixed culture, despite her white complexion. She describes her identity, as ‘My very existence is a mark of progress and a symbol of my country’. Cultural diversity appreciation creates a sense of pride and personal belonging. Cultural diversity in America as presented by Fong in her article presents different pros and cons. The demise of Fong’s grandmother is a reminder of the cultural appreciation that the family embraced especially through the ‘Thanksgiving dish’. The dish was so special in integrating the American tradition and the Chinese heritage, Fong and her cousins always enjoyed the dish and the meal was a true source of their heritage, she describes it as ‘the feast she prepared was always much larger’. The Thanksgiving acted as a reminder of the grandmother’s eleven grandchildren who would gather for the feast. The thanksgiving feast reminded Fong of the grandmother’s delicacy and not other common American traditional beliefs and practices. Fong’s description of her mixed racial affiliation depicts her belonging. She describes herself, as ‘I’m half Asian, half Anglo and completely American’. Despite the earlier discrimin ation against cultural affiliations, the picture has continued to change. The current crop of people has come to a point of celebrating cultural diversity and has been viewed positively especially, because of what the young generation has been able to learn in school. The government could rarely provide for people of mixed cultures but now the picture appears different. Fong could always indicate that she was Asian despite her mixed affiliations. Full embrace of Chinese culture is something that never came to happen for Fong. The fact that her grandmother never taught her father the Cantonese language, ate using

Need for Universal Social Security and Pension Schemes

Need for Universal Social Security and Pension Schemes Securing Old Age Abstract Pension system aims on poverty release, consumption smoothing, and insurance coverage in respect of ageing population. In India, most of the old age citizens are not covered under any social security program. A miniscule number of Government employees and few private sector workers retire with pensions. Majority of the total workforce is engaged in the unorganised sector with no access to old age income security. The issue of old-age security is gaining importance and it is now high on the public policy agenda. The developed countries generally provide pension to those who contribute for pension whereas in majority of the developing countries pensions are provided in a discretionary manner which reduces the coverage of pension. The article discusses the need for a universal pension scheme that will help the working population in the unorganized sector with increased coverage of pension. Key words: Pension scheme, Old age, social security Introduction The increased rate of the aged people in the total population has created a substantial demand for old-age social security. Thus it has become important to provide social security to its elderly people. Pension is one of the major component of old age social security. Developed countries have a good pension system with highly organised formal labour markets. Indian old-age income security is not well developed. India, being a welfare State, has taken upon itself the responsibilities of extending various benefits of Social Security and Social Assistance to its citizens. As per the reports out of an estimated work force of about 397 million, around 28 million workers are having the benefit of formal social security protection in India. Rest of the workers are in the unorganised sector. A well organised social security system for the workers in the unorganised sector will help in improving productivity, contribute to the harmonious labour relations and thus contribute to socio and economic development. Social security is a system of protection of individuals who are in need of such protection by the State as an agent of the society. Such protection is relevant in contingencies such as retirement, resignation, retrenchment, death, disablement which are beyond the control of the individual members of the Society. The current study attempts to examine the need for a universal social security and pension scheme. And a non-contributory pension scheme can guarantee a regular income in old age to all residents of the country, regardless of their earnings or occupation. It explains the scope for implementing a universal pension scheme which will increase the pension coverage and ensures proper income security to the old. The findings suggest that a reasonable increase in the amount of the pension and streamlining the delivery mechanism would significantly help to reduce old-age vulnerabilities. The paper concludes with policy directions for reforming the Indian pension system. The coverage of formal old age security is low, as majority of the population belonging to the informal sector of the developing countries is deprived of old age security. Indian pension system could potentially influence policy decisions in other developing countries with similar reliance on the national provident fund system. Indian provident fund schemes are low coverage and under performance schemes due to the investment restrictions. Majority working populations are engaged in the unorganised sector and have no access to any formal system of old age economic securities like provident fund and pension fund. Public sector employees are privileged with a vast pension provisions while private sector employees are aggrieved with low returns from their benefit schemes. Old age and social security The disappearance of large family system in India that took care of the social security needs of all members has necessitated provision of social security for senior citizens. For the senior citizens, social security can works like a protection cell which provides security through the medical benefit and old age pension plan. Social security pensions are meant to help disadvantaged sections of society such as the elderly, widows and disabled persons to live with basic financial security. Social security has gained paramount importance in the changed economic scenario. Social security programmes are actively undertaken even in developed nations. Social security is the financial assistance provided by the Government to the needy citizens such as disabled persons, aged persons, widows, unemployed youths, survivors of the deceased workers to promote their welfare by enabling them to access to food, shelter, health etc. social security acts as safety net for the disadvantageous sections of the society. Social security has gained paramount importance in the changed economic scenario. India also has enacted many social security measures for its needy citizens. In order to protect the welfare of unorganized workers the legislative measures namely minimum wages Act, 1948, the employees compensation Act, 1923, the maternity benefit Act, 1961, the bonded labour system (Abolition) Act, 1976, the contract labour (Regulation Abolition) Act, 1970, the inter-state migrant workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979, the building and other construction workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, etc. were implemented. In India, the elderly population is projected to reach 116 million in 2016 and 179 million in 2026. This raises the need for an effective system of pension. Population in India across Different Age Groups (million) Source: Census of India Percentage Distribution of Population by Broad Age Groups, Sex and Residence, 2012 Source: Sample Registration System (2012). Old age social security plays a pivotal role in a welfare state and one of its’ major components is pension. Pension provides a long-term income security in old age. Need for Pension scheme Need for Pension arises because of: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · One is not as productive in the old age as in youth. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · The rise in the nuclear family system as compared to earlier joint family system. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Migration of younger earning members as they are no longer interested in their family business. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Rapidly growing informal and unorganized sector. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Rise in cost of living. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Urbanization andimproved standard of life à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Increase in the life span because of good medical facilities. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Bringing unorganized sector into formal scheme of pension. Unlike most of the developing countries, India did not have a universal social security system for the old aged people. As there is no formal pension scheme in India for the newly appointees, a need was felt to have a scheme so that people can save for their future when they are no longer working. Pension is a financial tool for old-age income security. These are generally defined as monthly payments made on superannuation to an individual to enable her/him maintain a decent standard of living post retirement and in old age. The developed countries generally provide pension to those who contribute for pension whereas in majority of the developing countries like India, pensions are provided on a discretionary basis which reduces the overall coverage of pension. The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) was introduced in India in 1995. Currently, five schemes come under the NSAP: the IGNOAPS, the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS), the National Family Benefit Scheme and the Annapurna Scheme. The central government makes a diminutive contribution of Rs 200 per month per person to old-age pensions, raised to Rs 500 per month under IGNOAPS, for persons aged 80 years and above. The patterns of usage of the pension are indicative of its importance in the lives of the benefi ciaries. The accepted defined benefit pension system, which was the broader goal of a welfare state, is slowly giving way to the defined contribution system where risk is borne by the final beneficiaries. Pension reforms in India in the last decade have seen three major initiatives a paradigmatic shift in the civil servants pension scheme, the National Pension Scheme for all citizens and the New Pension System Lite for the economically disadvantaged sections with small savings. Pension system in India Pension plansprovide financial security and stability during old age when people dont have aregular source of income. Retirement plan ensures that people live with pride andwithout compromising on their standard of living during advancing years. Pension scheme gives an opportunity to invest and accumulate savings and get lump sumamount as regular income through annuity plan on retirement. The history of the Indian pension system dates back to the colonial period of British-India. The Royal commission on civil Establishments, in 1881first provided pension benefits to the government employees. Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 made further provisions and expanded the retirement benefits to the entire public sector workforce. Several provident funds were set up after the independence to extend the coverage to private sector employees. Indian pension system largely hinges on financing through employer and employee participation. It denied the vast majority of the unorganised workforce’s access to formal channels of old age economic support. A common objection to social security pensions is that they might displace or undermine family support for widows and the elderly. Traditionally, joint family structures in India worked as a hedge against old-age economic crisis and a support network that precluded the need for third-party pension instruments. Universal Social Security and Pension Schemes Table: Details of Pension Beneficiaries of Selected Pension Schemes Source: Economic Political Weekly and Government of India. Universal pension schemes are often criticized for high fiscal costs. Recently Government of India announced a slew of low-cost pension and insurance schemes, in the budget for 2015-16. It includes least half-dozen social security schemes like Atal Pension Yojana and Universal Social Security scheme that will lead to a universal social security system for all, especially the poor and the underprivileged. Atal Pension Yojana will provide defined pension according to contribution. Of this, 50 percent contribution would be made by the government The government proposes to work towards Universal Social Security for all Indians. These social schemes reflect the intention that no person suffers from avoidable pain due to illness, old age. In countries like Canada and New Zealand, a progressive income tax system taxes the pensions for higher income individuals, making even the universal pension system relatively targeted. However, most of the lower income countries which might institute a universal pension system may not have a progressive income tax structure and may find it difficult to use the tax system to make the universal pension more targeted. Depending on the income distribution within the country, making the pension small enough may be sufficient for higher income individuals to not bother with collecting the pension. Such is the case in Nepal where higher income Nepalese often do not collect the very low universal benefits. A second set of issues arise regarding the service delivery for a universal pension. In the case of Namibia, despite a mandate for a universal pension, many rural elderly were not receiving the pension. The reasons ranged from lack of access to the pension distribution network and difficulties with verifying age and eligibility to different types of fraud. However, the administrative cost of the system was raised. Since poorer regions are harder to reach, the poorest may still not be reachable with a universal pension without a sizable investment in administrative capacity. This service delivery issue applies to all types of social pensions, not just the universal type. Some countries as noted above, offer universal pensions to all residents above a certain age regardless of income or assets. Even non-citizens who have fulfilled a minimum residency requirement in the country are often eligible. Universal pensions are clearly the best way to drastically reduce old age poverty since all the elderly, regardless of work or contribution experience, are eligible to receive some benefit. However, as with any universal benefit, many people who will be receiving it will not be poor. As a result, in terms of poverty reduction achieved per dollar spent, the expenditure may not be wholly effective. Furthermore, in the countries where such programs have been adopted, such as Namibia13 and Mauritius, cost considerations are forcing the governments to move toward means-testing and other methods of providing old age security. Universal pensions systems involve less administrative apparatus and administrative costs than targeted systems, but the actual benefits, since they are received by the nonpoor as well as the poor, cost more. A large proportion of Indias population is without insurance of any kind, health, accidental or life. Worryingly, as the young population ages, it is also going to be pension-less. Conclusions The current study attempts to examine the need for a universal pension for the elderly. Indian financial sector reforms have made significant progress in the spheres of banking and capital market. But sectors like insurance and pension are still hitherto untouched sectors. India has low coverage pension and the pension system is unable to fulfil its purpose. Since independence, many reforms have been initiated. The introduction of a universal pension scheme will facilitate social security and also helps in assuring the young that in old age there would be national savings to take care of any difficulties, implying that over-accumulation is not necessary during the younger days. The introduction of a universal pension scheme will enhance the welfare of the working cohorts of India majority of whose future lies in uncertainty.